Acct 201

ch 11 - skip exercise 6[a] , problem 2a [a,b,c]
readings: concentrate on pp. 575 - 582 (middle)
and p. 585
 skip  pp. 590 - 592
look at p. 581

acct 201 day 1 summer session

Accounting equation (balance sheet)

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Assets:  (things a business owes)
 - cash
 - accounts receivable
 - office supplies
 - bldg.
 - land

Liabilities: (things business owes to creditors)
 - accounts payable
 - loan/mortgage payable

Equity: (what's left for owners of business)
 - in corporation, equity is made up of:
 - common stock + retained earnings


Rules for something.
 1. the equation must be in equal balance at all times.
 2. each transaction b
 3.


1. Acme Corp. is formed by shareholders (stockholders) contributing $10,000 cash to corp. & crop. issuing common stock to shareholders
2. Acme performs landscaping services for a client & receives $21,000 cash
3. Acme pays rent expense for this month of $5,000
4. Acme changes $5,000 of fertilizer (all used this month) from fertilizers 'r' us
5. Customers change $1,000 of services from Acme


Assets ( cash + accounts recievable)
1)  CASH +$10,000
2)  CASH +$21,000
3) < $5,000 >
4)
5)   AR +$1,000


Liabilites + Stockholder's Equity (CS or RE)
1) COMMON STOCK +$10,000 (SE/ CS)
2) SALES +$21,000 (SE/RE)
3) RENT EXPENSE < $5,000 >
4)  + Accounts payable +$5,000
5)


DEBIT:
Cash 10,000
Cash 21,000
Rent expense %,000
Fertilizer Expense 5,000

Credit
Common Stock 10,000
Sales 21,000
Cash 5,000
Cash 5,000


example 1

example 2

example 3

jour 340

2.5-4 min
15-25 photos


Photo Project

Jour 340

Libel Cases

False Light : Deliberate use of falsehood
 - for the purpose of creating fictional accounts (ex: TV docudramas and movies with plots based on real life events

Appropriation (or misappropriation)
- commercial use of name or likeness without consent
- unauthorized use (could be voice/image/any representation)
- consent is the only defense
- public officials are more likely to loose these claims - no real reason why...

- dustin hoffman - he lost

Jour 430

FALSITY

Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1975)
- wrestling team members, disqualified
- parents intervened and appealed the decision
- ultimately parents won and got their children back on the team
- sports columnist from Lorain Journal Co. was outraged
- said that they lied under oath (criminal offense)
- significance: statements simply implying an assertion can be considered false facts
- ^ flipside of Falwell decision.

The Sun
"Pregnancy forces granny to quit work at age 101"
- photo of woman - she sues for libel and invasion of privacy
- 90% of stories are made up
- stories are so hyperbolized, no one would believe them
- The Sun won the case against libel

Falsity needs to be something reasonable/that can be taken seriously, if not it cannot be proved, even if it is LITERALLY false.
On the flipside, if it was never said it explicitly, but was implied (the connotation) , then it can be proved.

--

INVASION OF PRIVACY
- different from libel
- they protect different interests
- libel's key interest is how other people perceive you
- privacy is about how YOU feel about yourself
- privacy law does not have to be defamatory or negative
- truth cannot be used as a defense in invasion of privacy suits, unlike libel cases
- not all invasion of privacy suits require publication

Four cases of libel law
- False light: when something highly offensive is implied to be true about them.
- Appropriation: commercial use of name or likeness without consent, consent is the only defense. a) Any person who knowingly uses anotehrs' photograph to advertise or sell something without consent. b) defendant must have made a knowing use of the likeness for purposes of advertising or solicitations or purchases c) plaintiff must establish a "direct connection" between the use and the commercial purpose.
- Disclosure: generally required element, defendant publicly disclosed information about the plaintiff, info was private (previously unknown to others), disclosure would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, information is not newsworthy; facts must be widely disseminated
- Intrusion: unique among privacy torts because it concerns news gathering rather than news reporting; when news gatherers "intentionally intrude, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another.." and that intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.


Time, Inc. V Hill
- Life Magazine ran a photo of the house where hostages were taken, Hill family wanted to put the incident behind them
- sued for false light
- reinforced NYT v. Sullivan
- gave protection to the media

False light case (Gill photo)
- John Gill and his wife at a Farmer's Market
- Harper's Bazaar used the photo with a headline "And so the world goes around..."
- article was about how everything revolves around love
- Harper's Bazaar won
- not used in a offensive way to a reasonable person

- Same photo in Ladies' Home Journal
- "Love based on grounding affection , better than sexual attraction "
- "Publicized as glamorous, love at first sight is a bad risk"
- Gills sue again saying they were shown in a bad light
- Gills won
- use of the photo was humiliating and disturbing (1950's)

Baywatch's Jose Solano, on the cover on Playgirl
- sued Playgirl for making it seem like he had posed nude

Jour 430

Gertz v. Welch

needs actual malice to win case against public official
makes it easier for private individuals to win libel suits

defendant always wants to prove that he/she is a public figure, so it would be harder for the opponent to win

Gertz - found to be a private figure (well-known, the average person would not recognize him)

no punitive damages - good news for the media  --- since only negligence is proved

IF actual malice is proved, he can get presumed AND punitive damages

RESULTS - made it possible for states to allow different treatment for public and private figures
 - public officials / public figures need a higher fault standard for libel
 - made it easier for private figures to win libel suit


Did not go over in class:
VVVVVVVVVVVVV
PUBLIC OFFICIALS according to libel law
elected officials: mayor, governor, school board member
high-ranking appointed official : ex. any Supreme Court Judge, Secretary of State, President Alexander (of CSULB)
cabinet members
agency heads
police chief
university chancellor
anyone who has control over governmental affairs
candidates for public office
influential public figures

LIMITED PUBLIC FIGURES
have thrust themselves into a public controversy to influence its outcome / ex:  anti-war activist who attends a demonstration
just by representing family (an attorney) does not make it a limited-purpose public figure --doesn't constitute voluntary injection to influence outcome
newsworthiness not the same as public controversy


CLASSIFICATION for public figures
recognizing public figures who dont' work for the government
- candidates
- all-purpose public figures: those who have positions of such influence that they are deemed public figures for all purposes (ex: Oprah, Kobe, John Stewart, entertainers, etc.)

VOLUNTARY limited public figures
must meet these three guidelines:
1. voluntarily thrust themselves
2. must be a public controversy
3. have done so to influence its outcome

INVOLUNTARY limited public figures
Supreme Court guidelines:
- plaintiff must be involved in a public controversy
- must have played a central role in the controversy, whether wanting to or not
- libel must be germane to the controversy
- the plaintiff has to have had access to the media, allowing him to tell his/her side of the story


EXAMPLES
Time Inc. v. Firestone, Mary -
 - tire company - getting divorced - was in the media
 - turned out to be ruled to not be a public figure

Wolston v. Readers Digest Association -
- russian interpreter for us army in wwII - refused to comply with the subpoenaed (too ill) - did not volunteer or thrust himself into the public controversy
- court concluded Wolston was not a voluntary limited public figure

Hutchinson v. Proxmire - 
- not a voluntary limited public figure
defense - opinion / hyperbole / fair comment
made hutchinson sound like he was personally enriching himself --- not true
proxmire claimed v.l.p.f.
did not win

wisconsin farmer/ pollution crisis - involuntary limited public figure


Four categories: 
- have to prove 5 things: 1 identification 2 falsity 3 publication 4 defamation 5 fault -
- all have to prove actual malice -
1. Public Officials
2. All-purpose public figures
3. Voluntary limited public official
4. Involuntary limited public official


Jerry Falwell V. Hustler Magazine 
Larry Flint - Hustler magazine publisher - hated Falwell
"You'll never forget your first time."Campari - drink.
parody interview - effed his mom in an outhouse
1983 pastor of the Baptist
Sued on three grounds:
1. sues for libel
2. invasion of privacy
3. intentional infliction for emotional distress
Had all four components of the emotional distress
Ruled against Falwell - need to demonstrate actual malice because he is a public figure
Falwell lost the libel claim
Libel suit fails ---> results in emotional distress failing

Emotional distress - four elements
- wrong doer's conduct is intentional/reckless
- conduct is so outrageous as to offend generally accepted standards of decency
- conduct is, in fact, the cause of the plaintiff's emotional distress
- emotional distress caused is severe


Libel quiz next tuesday, april 16th

Jour 430

Quiz 2 review

strict scrutiny - applied to print, gets the highest first amendment protection possible
indecency cannot be regulated in print
can be regulated in broadcast
internet regulation?

Reno v. ACLU - first case to confront internet regulation--should First Amendment apply?

Communication Decency Act - under 18 - illegal
public interest groups , there is no scarcity. internet is even more deserving of first amendment protection

SCOTUS gave internet same first amendment protections - applied strict scrutiny
SCOTUS uses case to make clear that any content-based regulation will face strict scrutiny

--

Playboy Channel Case 1998
- signal bleed
- non-subscribers scould only hear and sort of see

Podcast Jour 340

Podcast
1. Choose Concept
2. Topic
3. Write the script
4. Record
5. Edit
6. Publish

food
gabby , whitney, alex
due MONDAY

Jour 430

NBC challenged FCC's authority/regulation of content.
scarcity doctrine
- there is a finite number of broad cast licenses and the airwaves are public property - therefore resources should be in used in the public interest.
FCC challenges -
   - when it exceeds its statutory authority (ex: Fairness Doctrine)
   - when an action is unconstitutional


FCC v. Red Lion
Carried a program including a right-wing commentator launching a personal attack on Fred Cook
- Cook wrote a book about Barry Goldwater
Does it violate First Amendment rights? / Indirect censorship?
Is the government allowed to regulate?
Only went to the appellate court
- upheld FCC's position
--- challenged again to Supreme Court
- SCOTUS decided that First Amendment rights of the public takes precedence over the First Amendment rights of broadcasters

Miami Harold v. Tornillo
The Miami Harold ran two editorials opposing Pat Tornillo, clearly against him
Tornillo wanted a rebuttal and was refused; sued under Florida's "right of reply" law
SCOTUS - "right to reply" statute violated the freedom of press in First Amendment


Print v. broadcasting rights
- print - private enterprise
- broadcasting - public


----

obscenity - no first amendment protections
- sexual content in an offensive manner --not artistic.

FMD 155

extra credit look up mossimo see what happened to that company

consumer profile , age hobbies what you like to do demographics
on you and someone else

HOMEWORK

Jour 430

Quiz next tues! March 5.

FEC v. Citizens United


2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (aka McCain-Feingold Campaign Finance Law)
BCRA

lower rates - clear that you approve the message/campaign

Electioneering communication - broadcast, cable, or satellite communication referring to a clearly identified candidate for federal office made within 30 days of primary or 60 days of a general election

McCain-Feingold aimed to close the loophole that would allow a third party candidate support.
 - tried to require a corporation to create a PAC (political action committee)
 - tried to avoid general funds

Plaintiffs went against BCRA - legislation was unconstitutional (first amendment rights)
Justices were conflicted about decision

FEC v. WI Right to Life

WI Right to Life - broadcasted ads telling voters to contact Wisconsin Senators
FEC barred the ads, was sued by WRTL

Question for SCOTUS : Were these ads electioneering communication?
WIRTL said it was unconstitutional as applied.

Acct 201

Accounting Transactions

Liabilities
 debit - goes down
 credit - goes up ^


3. sierra purchased equpiment  by paying 5,000 cash to superior equipment sales co.
3. -$5,000 cash (A)/ +$5,000 equipment (A)

4. Sierra received a $1,200 cash advance from R. Knox, a client.
4. +$1,200 in cash (A) / +$1,200 in unearned serv. rev. (L)

5. Sierra received $10,00 in cash from Copa Company for guide services performed.
5. +$10,000 cash (A) / +$10,000 revenues (R.E. in SE)


employees salaries go under expenses in retained earnings (SE)


T ACCOUNT
Debit (dr.) or Credit (cr.)
Left or Right

Debits must equal Credits.
Debits must = Credits.


If debits are greater, then it will have a debit balance.
If credits are greater, then it will have a credit balance.


Retained earnings statement
two exam questions
one exam question : the formula
second: the computation


Retained earnings statement
Beginning retained earnings
add: net income
less: dividends
ending retained earnings



Balance sheet

Debit : goes up : assets, expense
Debit : goes down : liability, equitiy

Fmd 155

Fashion eras...

A fiber or fabric - coco chanel's jersey knit
A model - twiggy
A celebrity icon - Madonna, Jennifer Anniston
A fashion look - flapper
A market segment - middle class, youth
A bohemian element - hippies, hip hop
A style leader - Jacqueline Kennedy
A designer's signature style - "New Look" Christian Dior

Fashion Cycle
Innovation: Introduction & Rise
Culmination: Acceleration & Mass acceptance
Decline: Decline & Obsolescence

Components of design:
Silhouette
Detail
Texture
Color

Jour 312I

Logorama short
Universal
News analysis - hardest to translate

World News Prism pg. 9
"...travels through the prism... colors and shades"
"one person's truth becomes another's propaganda"

Econ 100

Macroeconomics 
Keynesian

First Midterm - March 18th MONDAY - 28%
Second Midterm - April 15th MONDAY - 22%
Final - May 13th MONDAY 7:15 p.m.  - 32%
Quizzes - 18%

Midterms - mult. choice & essay
Quizzes every day except midterms
14 lectures
11 quizzes
2 lowest scores dropped

Quiz breakdown
5 - 12 minutes
1 question - maybe multiple parts
mostly about the week before

"Time is the fairest thing on Earth."

Economics - the study of how to efficiently utilize scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants.
How to make choices
How to spend money, not how to make money.

Every choice has an opportunity cost
Choice of going to this class
Opportunity costs for going to this class:
opera 15
movie 39
date 49
sleep 53
jog 29
video games 80
econ class 85
Opportunity cost : next best option you gave up. Ex: video games 80
Marginal cost, not about total or average.
Marginal cost
Sunk cost (Ex: tune up for cars, is the tune up worth it?)

greek letter π = profit
π = TR (total revenue) - TC (total cost)
π = π*a - TC*π

1) Micro v. Macro

2) Positive v. Normative
Positive - is correct, true
normative - has personal feelings, ex: "this is better than ___ because it does ___."

3) Descriptive v. Theory
Descriptive - describing a phenomenon, "this happened then this happened"
Theory - there is a correlation between the two events

4) Theory v. Model 
Model - representation of a theory


...real world 
=> relevant facts 
=> patterns 
=> hypothesis 
=> theory 
=> models 
=> principles 
=> law
=> policy.

-----> all done through repeated testing

Ockham's Razor - simplest answer is the best answer.

Jour 340 Online Media

313 million people in the U.S.
245 million users
= 78.3 %

7 billion people world wide
2.26 billion users
= 32 %

2.26 billion users worldwide
245 million users in the U.S.
= only 10.8 % of all users

1.01 billion users in asia
= 32.7%

J.C.R. Licklider
"galactic network"

60's = idea of the internet
70's = the internet appears

January 19, 1994. Apollo Alto Weekly. Pasted onto the internet.

Four things to focus on:
1. Speed
2. Access

Don't ever link the word "The"
obviouslyyyyy

Appropriate links:
People / Names
Companies
Monuments / Buildings / Etc.
Events
Religions
Brand Names
Uncommon Objects
Places

Homework: Get notes in fifteen minutes of the person
circle any notes that you would turn into a link

Sara Ehlers

Jour 340

MW 10:00 A.M.

01/28/2013

Samantha Lopez (goes by Sam)

Senior

Journalism minor in Spanish

Work at a tuxedo shop called Friars in Downey

Bell Gardens – lives there

Broadcasting career,

behind the scenes,

producing,

directing,

writing for news

Salsa Team CSULB – competitions, performance team and competition, does both

On competition – 6 people (3 couples), performance team – 30 people

Lived in southeast LA – all in the same area

Lives at home

Music interests: The Weeknd